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4.4 - New Testament Use of Daniel

(Work in progress.)

(Work in progress.)

NT Refers to Daniel

NT Refers to Daniel

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In this section we list New Testament passages containing references, allusions, or similarities to the book of Daniel.2

New Testament References and Allusions to Daniel
Daniel PassageDaniel TextNT PassageNT TextRemarks
Dan. 1:12-14+
“Please test your servants for ten days, and let them give us vegetables to eat and water to drink. Then let our appearance be examined before you, and the appearance of the young men who eat the portion of the king’s delicacies; and as you see fit, so deal with your servants.” So he consented with them in this matter, and tested them ten days.
Rev. 2:10+3
Do not fear any of those things which you are about to suffer. Indeed, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation ten days. Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life.The period of testing for the church of Smyrna matches that of Daniel’s request to be tested while forgoing the king’s food. Rather than Revelation referring to Daniel, they both reflect a similar use of the number five (the number of provision). “Although perhaps more subtle than other biblical numerology, five appears to be associated with the idea of provision [and] fullness”4. The doubling of five to form ten may denote the combined idea of witness (two) and provision (five).5
Dan. 2:22+
He reveals deep and secret things; He knows what is in the darkness, And light dwells with Him.
1Cor. 2:106
But God has revealed them to us through His Spirit. For the Spirit searches all things, yes, the deep things of God.Natural knowledge, common to all men, cannot obtain information hidden with God. Only those in relationship with God have spiritual knowledge which is discerned and revealed by God’s Holy Spirit.
Dan. 2:27-28a+
Daniel answered in the presence of the king, and said, “The secret which the king has demanded, the wise men, the astrologers, the magicians, and the soothsayers cannot declare to the king. But there is a God in heaven who reveals secrets . . .”
Mark 4:11-127
And He said to them, “To you it has been given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God; but to those who are outside, all things come in parables, so that ‘Seeing they may see and not perceive, And hearing they may hear and not understand; Lest they should turn, And their sins be forgiven them.’ ”The wise men, astrologers, magicians, and soothsayers cannot provide information which only God reveals because they have no relationship with God. Nor will He provide what they seek since He is opposed to the occult (and humanist sophistry).8 The advisors which Nebuchadnezzar had sought information from where those which Jesus refers to as “those who are outside” and therefore excluded from the special revelation and understanding needed to answer the king’s inquiry.
Dan. 2:28+
But there is a God in heaven who reveals secrets, and He has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will be in the latter days. Your dream, and the visions of your head upon your bed, were these:
Rev. 1:19+9
Write the things which you have seen, and the things which are, and the things which will take place after this.Nebuchadnezzar was used as a chosen vessel through which God revealed information concerning the period of history culminating in the establishment of God’s kingdom on earth at the return of Jesus. The portion of the book of Revelation given through John which concerns “the things which will take place after this” has the same historic period in view and augments the information given to Nebuchadnezzar and interpreted by Daniel. (This is made clear by the many allusions and references from the book of Revelation to various chapters in Daniel shown below.)
Dan. 2:28+
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Rev. 22:6+10
Then he said to me, “These words are faithful and true.” And the Lord God of the holy prophets sent His angel to show His servants the things which must shortly take place.Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, interpreted by Daniel, concerns many of the same topics as the revelation which the angel shows John in the book of Revelation. John’s vantage point, following upon the first advent of Messiah is closer to the time of fulfillment.
Dan. 2:29+
As for you, O king, thoughts came to your mind while on your bed, about what would come to pass after this; and He who reveals secrets has made known to you what will be.
Rev. 4:1+11
After these things I looked, and behold, a door standing open in heaven. And the first voice which I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me, saying, “Come up here, and I will show you things which must take place after this.”Nebuchadnezzar is given revelation-in-advance concerning history subsequent to his time concerning the end of his kingdom and those which will follow. John is given revelation-in-advance concerning history following upon the age of the church (following upon Revelation 2+ and 3+).
Dan. 2:34+
You watched while a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces.
Mat. 21:4412
And whoever falls on this stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder.The stone cut out without hands in Daniel represents the Messianic kingdom headed by the Messiah, Jesus Christ. Jesus explains that he is the “precious corner-stone” worthy of trust as mentioned in the Old Testament (e.g., Isa. 8:14; 28:16). Individuals will fall into one of two categories based on their response to Him: 1) the humble who will fall on the stone—giving up their pride and trusting in Christ; 2) the proud will reject Christ in their self-righteousness, eventually to be “crushed” in judgment (Rev. 20:12-15+). This latter group constitutes the kingdom of man (the four different metals of Nebuchadnezzar’s statue) in whatever age they live. In the same way all the man-made kingdoms are destroyed, those who remain in those kingdoms are eternally lost.
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Luke 20:1813
Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to deathThis pair of verses is thought by some to be related. [Ibid.]. This indicates an amillennial or postmillennial belief that the action of the stone striking the image occurred at the cross (the first advent of Messiah). There is considerable evidence that this is not so—that the stone does not strike until the second advent. See When Does the Stone Strike?
Dan. 2:44+
And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever.
1Cor. 15:22-2414
For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive. But each one in his own order: Christ the firstfruits, afterward those who are Christ’s at His coming. Then comes the end, when He delivers the kingdom to God the Father, when He puts an end to all rule and all authority and power.In a passage which concerns the resurrection of believers, Paul describes an important eschatological sequence. First, Christ was resurrected. Second, His own are resurrected at His coming (the Rapture). Third, at the end (the Second Coming) all competing rule is put to an end. This establishes that the stone did not strike Nebuchadnezzar’s image at the cross, but will do so at the Second Coming.
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Rev. 11:15+15
Then the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud voices in heaven, saying, “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!”When the seventh angel of Revelation sounds, the proleptic statement is made that the kingdoms of this world have been (de jure) transferred to the authority of Jesus. This is so certain it is pronounced in advance. It does not actually occur (de facto) until the seven bowls of wrath within the seventh trumpet are completed and Jesus returns at the second advent. Once again, we find evidence that the stone did not strike at the first advent in association with the crosswork of Jesus.
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Mat. 21:4416
And whoever falls on this stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder.The stone cut out without hands in Daniel represents the Messianic kingdom headed by the Messiah, Jesus Christ. Jesus explains that he is the “precious corner-stone” worthy of trust as mentioned in the Old Testament (e.g., Isa. 8:14; 28:16). Individuals will fall into one of two categories based on their response to Him: 1) the humble who will fall on the stone—giving up their pride and trusting in Christ; 2) the proud will reject Christ in their self-righteousness, eventually to be “crushed” in judgment (Rev. 20:12-15+). This latter group constitutes the kingdom of man (the four different metals of Nebuchadnezzar’s statue) in whatever age they live. In the same way all the man-made kingdoms are destroyed, those who remain in those kingdoms are eternally lost.
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Luke 20:1817
Whoever falls on that stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder.
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Dan. 2:45+
Inasmuch as you saw that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and the gold-the great God has made known to the king what will come to pass after this. The dream is certain, and its interpretation is sure.
Mat. 24:618
And you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not troubled; for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet.Both Daniel and Jesus are making known what will come to pass in the distant future. The violence associated with Daniel’s passage is due to the return of Jesus to overthrow the kingdoms of the world. The violence associated with Matthew’s passage is due to ongoing conflict among the kingdoms of the world and is not to be expected rather than taken as an indication that the end is near.
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Mark 13:719
But when you hear of wars and rumors of wars, do not be troubled; for such things must happen, but the end is not yet.
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Luke 21:920
But when you hear of wars and commotions, do not be terrified; for these things must come to pass first, but the end will not come immediately.
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Rev. 1:1+21
The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants—things which must shortly take place. And He sent and signified it by His angel to His servant JohnIn both passages, God gives revelation through an intermediary for the benefit of all God’s people.
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Rev. 4:1+22
After these things I looked, and behold, a door standing open in heaven. And the first voice which I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me, saying, “Come up here, and I will show you things which must take place after this.”
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Rev. 22:6+23
Then he said to me, “These words are faithful and true.” And the Lord God of the holy prophets sent His angel to show His servants the things which must shortly take place.
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1Cor. 14:24-2524
But if all prophesy, and an unbeliever or an uninformed person comes in, he is convinced by all, he is convicted by all. And thus the secrets of his heart are revealed; and so, falling down on his face, he will worship God and report that God is truly among you.Secrets of unbelieving Nebuchadnezzar’s heart were revealed to Daniel. This impressed Nebuchadnezzar such that he was led to recognize the divine origin of Daniel’s knowledge resulting in Nebuchadnezzar’s spontaneous worship. This is similar to what Paul predicts would happen when an unbeliever encountered prophecy within the NT church.
Dan. 3:1+
Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold, whose height was sixty cubits and its width six cubits. He set it up in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon.
Rev. 13:14+
And he deceives those who dwell on the earth by those signs which he was granted to do in the sight of the beast, telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived.The first and last Gentile kingdoms during the Times of the Gentiles both erect images honoring their god/leader.
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Luke 13:18
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is six hundred and sixty-six.The sexagesimal-based dimensions of the image erected by Nebuchadnezzar incorporate the number of man (six), the basis of the number of the beast.
Dan. 3:4+
Then a herald cried aloud: “To you it is commanded, O peoples, nations, and languages . . .”
Rev. 10:11+25
And he said to me, “You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings.”The multinational character of Nebuchadnezzar’s realm prefigures the global dominion of the Antichrist.
Dan. 3:5+
that at the time you hear the sound of the horn, flute, harp, lyre, and psaltery, in symphony with all kinds of music, you shall fall down and worship the gold image that King Nebuchadnezzar has set up
Rev. 13:15+26
He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed.The first and last Gentile kingdoms during the Times of the Gentiles require worship of their respective images.
Dan. 3:6+
and whoever does not fall down and worship shall be cast immediately into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.
Rev. 13:15+
He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed.Those who refuse to worship the image are threatened with death.
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Rev. 14:9-10+
Then a third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand, he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb.”Those who refuse worship to the image erected by Nebuchadnezzar are threatened with suffering in a fiery furnace. Those who offer worship to the image of the beast suffer punishment in the lake of fire.
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Rev. 19:20+
Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone.The destiny of those who refuse to worship the image erected by Nebuchadnezzar becomes the destiny of the beast and the false prophet: being cast alive into fiery judgment.
Dan. 3:7+
So at that time, when all the people heard the sound of the horn, flute, harp, and lyre, in symphony with all kinds of music, all the people, nations, and languages fell down and worshiped the gold image which King Nebuchadnezzar had set up.
Rev. 13:4+
So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?”The majority within each kingdom worship the image.
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Rev. 13:12+
And he exercises all the authority of the first beast in his presence, and causes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.
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Rev. 16:2+
So the first went and poured out his bowl upon the earth, and a foul and loathsome sore came upon the men who had the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image.
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Rev. 19:20+
Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone.
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Dan. 3:8+
Therefore at that time certain Chaldeans came forward and accused the Jews.
Mat. 25:31-33, 40, 45
When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then He will sit on the throne of His glory. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep from the goats. And He will set the sheep on His right hand, but the goats on the left. . . . And the King will answer and say to them, ‘Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these My brethren, you did it to Me.’ . . . Then He will answer them, saying, ‘Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to Me.’Those of Jewish descent are at risk of destruction within the Gentile kingdom.
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Rev. 12:13-17+
Now when the dragon saw that he had been cast to the earth, he persecuted the woman who gave birth to the male Child. But the woman was given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness to her place, where she is nourished for a time and times and half a time, from the presence of the serpent. So the serpent spewed water out of his mouth like a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away by the flood. But the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed up the flood which the dragon had spewed out of his mouth. And the dragon was enraged with the woman, and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ.
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Rev. 7:4+
And I heard the number of those who were sealed. One hundred and forty-four thousand of all the tribes of the children of Israel were sealed:
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Rev. 14:1+
Then I looked, and behold, a Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him one hundred and forty-four thousand, having His Father’s name written on their foreheads.
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Dan. 3:12+
There are certain Jews whom you have set over the affairs of the province of Babylon: Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego; these men, O king, have not paid due regard to you. They do not serve your gods or worship the gold image which you have set up.
Rev. 13:8+
All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.
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Rev. 20:4+
And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
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Dan. 3:15+
Now if you are ready at the time you hear the sound of the horn, flute, harp, lyre, and psaltery, in symphony with all kinds of music, and you fall down and worship the image which I have made, good! But if you do not worship, you shall be cast immediately into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. And who is the god who will deliver you from my hands?
Rev. 13:14+
So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?”The ruler of the Gentile kingdom is considered omnipotent.
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Rev. 13:15+
He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed.Those who refuse to worship the image are threatened with death.
Dan. 3:20-21+
And he commanded certain mighty men of valor who were in his army to bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, and cast them into the burning fiery furnace. Then these men were bound in their coats, their trousers, their turbans, and their other garments, and were cast into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.
Rev. 19:20+
Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone.The destiny of those who refuse to worship the image erected by Nebuchadnezzar becomes the destiny of the beast and the false prophet: being cast alive into fiery judgment.
Dan. 3:23-27+
And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. Then King Nebuchadnezzar was astonished; and he rose in haste and spoke, saying to his counselors, “Did we not cast three men bound into the midst of the fire?” They answered and said to the king, “True, O king.” “Look!” he answered, “I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire; and they are not hurt, and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God.” Then Nebuchadnezzar went near the mouth of the burning fiery furnace and spoke, saying, “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, servants of the Most High God, come out, and come here.” Then Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego came from the midst of the fire.
Heb. 11:32-3527
And what more shall I say? For the time would fail me to tell of Gideon and Barak and Samson and Jephthah, also of David and Samuel and the prophets: who through faith subdued kingdoms, worked righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, became valiant in battle, turned to flight the armies of the aliens. Women received their dead raised to life again. And others were tortured, not accepting deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection. And the satraps, administrators, governors, and the king’s counselors gathered together, and they saw these men on whose bodies the fire had no power; the hair of their head was not singed nor were their garments affected, and the smell of fire was not on them.By faith, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego quenched the violence of fire.
Dan. 3:25+
“Look!” he answered, “I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire; and they are not hurt, and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God.”
Matthew 27:54
So when the centurion and those with him, who were guarding Jesus, saw the earthquake and the things that had happened, they feared greatly, saying, “Truly this was the Son of God!”The fourth individual may have been the preincarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ.
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Luke 1:35
And the angel answered and said to her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you; therefore, also, that Holy One who is to be born will be called the Son of God.”
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John 1:34
And I have seen and testified that this is the Son of God.
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Romans 1:3-4
concerning His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead.
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Dan. 3:28+
Nebuchadnezzar spoke, saying, “Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, who sent His Angel and delivered His servants who trusted in Him, and they have frustrated the king’s word, and yielded their bodies, that they should not serve nor worship any god except their own God!”
Rom. 12:1
I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service.Whether by life or death, God’s people offer themselves in the service of God.
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Romans 14:8
For if we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord. Therefore, whether we live or die, we are the Lord’s.
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Philippians 1:20
according to my earnest expectation and hope that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ will be magnified in my body, whether by life or by death.
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Hebrews 11:36-38
Still others had trial of mockings and scourgings, yes, and of chains and imprisonment. They were stoned, they were sawn in two, were tempted, were slain with the sword. They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins, being destitute, afflicted, tormented—of whom the world was not worthy. They wandered in deserts and mountains, in dens and caves of the earth.
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Rev. 12:11+
And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death.God’s people maintain their faithful testimony in the face of death.
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Mat. 2:13
an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, “Arise, take the young Child and His mother, flee to Egypt, and stay there”An angel of God delivers his people from danger.
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Acts 12:1128
And when Peter had come to himself, he said, “Now I know for certain that the Lord has sent His angel, and has delivered me from the hand of Herod and from all the expectation of the Jewish people.”
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Acts 27:23
For there stood by me this night an angel of the God to whom I belong and whom I serve
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Dan 3:30+
Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego in the province of Babylon.
Rev. 20:4+
And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.Those who refuse to worship the image are promoted.
Dan. 4:1+
Nebuchadnezzar the king, To all peoples, nations, and languages that dwell in all the earth: Peace be multiplied to you.
Rev. 13:7+
It was granted to him to make war with the saints and to overcome them. And authority was given him over every tribe, tongue, and nation.Both the first and last kingdoms during the Times of the Gentiles are given global dominion by God.
Dan. 4:3+
How great are His signs, And how mighty His wonders! His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, And His dominion is from generation to generation.
Mat. 6:13
And do not lead us into temptation, But deliver us from the evil one. For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.God’s kingdom is everlasting.
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Luke 1:32-33
He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end.
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Heb. 1:8
But to the Son He says: “Your throne, O God, is forever and ever; A scepter of righteousness is the scepter of Your kingdom.”
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2Pe. 1:11
for so an entrance will be supplied to you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
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Rev. 1:6+
and has made us kings and priests to His God and Father, to Him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.
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Rev. 11:15+
Then the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud voices in heaven, saying, “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!”
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Rev. 22:5+
There shall be no night there: They need no lamp nor light of the sun, for the Lord God gives them light. And they shall reign forever and ever.
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Dan. 4:4+
I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at rest in my house, and flourishing in my palace.
Luke 12:19
And I will say to my soul, “Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years; take your ease; eat, drink, and be merry.”Reliance upon earthly position and wealth rather than knowing God.
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1Th. 5:3
For when they say, “Peace and safety!” then sudden destruction comes upon them, as labor pains upon a pregnant woman. And they shall not escape.The perception of peace, shortly to interrupted by distress.
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Rev. 6:2+
And I looked, and behold, a white horse. He who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer.
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Dan. 4:5+
I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts on my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.
Rev. 6:2+
While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying, “Have nothing to do with that just Man, for I have suffered many things today in a dream because of Him.”God warns Gentile rulers by means of a dream.29
Dan. 4:7+
Then the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers came in, and I told them the dream; but they did not make known to me its interpretation.
1Cor. 1:20-21
Where is the wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the disputer of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? For since, in the wisdom of God, the world through wisdom did not know God, it pleased God through the foolishness of the message preached to save those who believe.Secular wise men may understand the wisdom of this world, but are unable to discern the things of God.
Dan. 4:9+
Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians, because I know that the Spirit of the Holy God is in you, and no secret troubles you, explain to me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and its interpretation.
2Pe. 1:21
for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit.Only the Holy Spirit can provide prophetic understanding and prediction.
Dan. 4:10-12+
These were the visions of my head while on my bed: “I was looking, and behold, A tree in the midst of the earth, And its height was great. The tree grew and became strong; Its height reached to the heavens, And it could be seen to the ends of all the earth. Its leaves were lovely, Its fruit abundant, And in it was food for all. The beasts of the field found shade under it, The birds of the heavens dwelt in its branches, And all flesh was fed from it.”
Mat. 13:31-3230
Another parable He put forth to them, saying: “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed, which a man took and sowed in his field, which indeed is the least of all the seeds; but when it is grown it is greater than the herbs and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”A large tree where birds dwell symbolizes growth of a government or movement wherein men find habitation.31
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Mark 4:31-3232
It is like a mustard seed which, when it is sown on the ground, is smaller than all the seeds on earth; but when it is sown, it grows up and becomes greater than all herbs, and shoots out large branches, so that the birds of the air may nest under its shade.
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Luke 13:1933
It is like a mustard seed, which a man took and put in his garden; and it grew and became a large tree, and the birds of the air nested in its branches.
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Dan. 4:11+
The tree grew and became strong; Its height reached to the heavens, And it could be seen to the ends of all the earth.
Mat. 11:23
And you, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades; for if the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.Cities which had been highly favored, but which would eventually be judged for their pride.
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Luke 10:15
And you, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades.
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Dan. 4:12+
Its leaves were lovely, Its fruit abundant, And in it was food for all. The beasts of the field found shade under it, The birds of the heavens dwelt in its branches, And all flesh was fed from it.
Rev. 2:7+
He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To him who overcomes I will give to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God.The symbol of a tree represents the provision of Babylon, reminiscent of the provision of the tree of life as found in God’s kingdom.
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Rev. 22:2+
In the middle of its street, and on either side of the river, was the tree of life, which bore twelve fruits, each tree yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
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Dan. 4:12+
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Rev. 22:14+
Blessed are those who do His commandments, that they may have the right to the tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city.
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Dan. 4:13+
I saw in the visions of my head while on my bed, and there was a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven.
Luke 1:19
And the angel answered and said to him, “I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God, and was sent to speak to you and bring you these glad tidings.”An angel is sent down from heaven on a mission from God.34
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Luke 1:26
Now in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth
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Rev. 9:1+
Then the fifth angel sounded: And I saw a star fallen from heaven to the earth. To him was given the key to the bottomless pit.
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Rev. 10:1+
I saw still another mighty angel coming down from heaven, clothed with a cloud. And a rainbow was on his head, his face was like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire.
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Rev. 18:1+
After these things I saw another angel coming down from heaven, having great authority, and the earth was illuminated with his glory.
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Rev. 20:1+
Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand.
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Dan. 4:14+
He cried aloud and said thus: ‘Chop down the tree and cut off its branches, Strip off its leaves and scatter its fruit. Let the beasts get out from under it, And the birds from its branches.’
Mat. 3:10
And even now the ax is laid to the root of the trees. Therefore every tree which does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.A tree is judged by God.
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Mat. 7:19
Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.
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Mark 11:13-14, 15
And seeing from afar a fig tree having leaves, He went to see if perhaps He would find something on it. When He came to it, He found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs. In response Jesus said to it, “Let no one eat fruit from you ever again.” And His disciples heard it. . . . And Peter, remembering, said to Him, “Rabbi, look! The fig tree which You cursed has withered away.”
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Luke 3:9
And even now the ax is laid to the root of the trees. Therefore every tree which does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.”
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Luke 13:7-9
Then he said to the keeper of his vineyard, ‘Look, for three years I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree and find none. Cut it down; why does it use up the ground?’ But he answered and said to him, ‘Sir, let it alone this year also, until I dig around it and fertilize it. And if it bears fruit, well. But if not, after that you can cut it down.’
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Dan. 4:15+
Nevertheless leave the stump and roots in the earth, Bound with a band of iron and bronze, In the tender grass of the field. Let it be wet with the dew of heaven, And let him graze with the beasts On the grass of the earth.
Rom. 9:27-29
Isaiah also cries out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, The remnant will be saved. For He will finish the work and cut it short in righteousness, Because the LORD will make a short work upon the earth.” And as Isaiah said before: “Unless the LORD of Sabaoth had left us a seed, We would have become like Sodom, And we would have been made like Gomorrah.”God preserves a remnant for the purpose of future restoration.
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Rom. 11:4-5
But what does the divine response say to him? “I have reserved for Myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.” Even so then, at this present time there is a remnant according to the election of grace.
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Dan. 4:16+
Let his heart be changed from that of a man, Let him be given the heart of a beast, And let seven times pass over him.
Rev. 13:18+
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is six hundred and sixty-six.A man takes on the nature of a beast.35
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Mat. 24:15-16
“Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” (whoever reads, let him understand), “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.”36The first and last rulers during the Times of the Gentiles behave like beasts for a period of seven years.37
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Mark 13:14
“So when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not” (let the reader understand), “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.”38
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Rev. 11:2+
But leave out the court which is outside the temple, and do not measure it, for it has been given to the Gentiles. And they will tread the holy city underfoot for forty-two months.39
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Rev. 11:3+
And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy one thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth.40
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Rev. 12:14+
But the woman was given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness to her place, where she is nourished for a time and times and half a time, from the presence of the serpent.41
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Rev. 13:5+
And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months.42
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Dan. 4:17+
This decision is by the decree of the watchers, And the sentence by the word of the holy ones, In order that the living may know That the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, Gives it to whomever He will, And sets over it the lowest of men.
Luke 1:52
He has put down the mighty from their thrones, And exalted the lowly.Mighty ones can be put down by God and lowly ones exalted in their stead. Power to rule ultimately comes from God.
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John 19:10-11
Then Pilate said to Him, “Are You not speaking to me? Do You not know that I have power to crucify You, and power to release You?” Jesus answered, “You could have no power at all against Me unless it had been given you from above. Therefore the one who delivered Me to you has the greater sin.”
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1Cor. 1:27-29
But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the wise, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the things which are mighty; and the base things of the world and the things which are despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring to nothing the things that are, that no flesh should glory in His presence.
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Dan. 4:18+
This dream I, King Nebuchadnezzar, have seen. Now you, Belteshazzar, declare its interpretation, since all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation; but you are able, for the Spirit of the Holy God is in you.
1Cor. 1:20-21
Where is the wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the disputer of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? For since, in the wisdom of God, the world through wisdom did not know God, it pleased God through the foolishness of the message preached to save those who believe.Secular wise men may understand the wisdom of this world, but are unable to discern the things of God.
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2Pe. 1:21
for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit.Only the Holy Spirit can provide prophetic understanding and prediction.
Dan. 4:19+
Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonished for a time, and his thoughts troubled him. So the king spoke, and said, “Belteshazzar, do not let the dream or its interpretation trouble you.” Belteshazzar answered and said, “My lord, may the dream concern those who hate you, and its interpretation concern your enemies!”
1Ti. 2:1-2
Therefore I exhort first of all that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks be made for all men, for kings and all who are in authority, that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and reverence.Daniel was genuinely concerned for the wellbeing of king Nebuchadnezzar.
Dan. 4:20-21+
The tree that you saw, which grew and became strong, whose height reached to the heavens and which could be seen by all the earth, whose leaves were lovely and its fruit abundant, in which was food for all, under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and in whose branches the birds of the heaven had their home—
-
-(See previous entry for Dan. 4:10-12.)
Dan. 4:22+
it is you, O king, who have grown and become strong; for your greatness has grown and reaches to the heavens, and your dominion to the end of the earth.
Rev. 18:5+43
For her sins have reached to heaven, and God has remembered her iniquities.The phrase “reaching to heaven” indicates global influence and the attainment of notoriety in heaven.
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Acts 1:8
But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.The extent of Nebuchadnezzar’s kingdom is akin to the global influence of the gospel calling people into God’s kingdom.
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Acts 13:47
For so the Lord has commanded us: ‘I have set you as a light to the Gentiles, That you should be for salvation to the ends of the earth.’
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Rev. 5:9+
And they sang a new song, saying: “You are worthy to take the scroll, And to open its seals; For You were slain, And have redeemed us to God by Your blood Out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation”
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Rev. 5:9+
After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could number, of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, with palm branches in their hands
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Rev. 14:6+
Then I saw another angel flying in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach to those who dwell on the earth to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people
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Rom. 10:18 (cf. Ps. 19:4)
But I say, have they not heard? Yes indeed: “Their sound has gone out to all the earth, And their words to the ends of the world.”The extent of Nebuchadnezzar’s kingdom is akin to the general revelation of God in the heavens.
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Rev. 13:7-8+
It was granted to him to make war with the saints and to overcome them. And authority was given him over every tribe, tongue, and nation. All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.Both first and last kingdoms during the Times of the Gentiles have global dominion.
Dan. 4:23+
And inasmuch as the king saw a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven and saying, ‘Chop down the tree and destroy it, but leave its stump and roots in the earth, bound with a band of iron and bronze in the tender grass of the field; let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let him graze with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him’
-
-(See previous entries for Dan. 4:13, 4:14, 4:15, and 4:16.)
Dan. 4:25+
They shall drive you from men, your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make you eat grass like oxen. They shall wet you with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over you, till you know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and gives it to whomever He chooses.
-
-(See previous entries for Dan. 4:16 and 4:17.)
Dan. 4:26+
And inasmuch as they gave the command to leave the stump and roots of the tree, your kingdom shall be assured to you, after you come to know that Heaven rules.
Luke 15:18
I will arise and go to my father, and will say to him, “Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you”God’s chastisement leads to repentance. (Also see previous entry for Dan. 4:15.)
Dan. 4:27+
Therefore, O king, let my advice be acceptable to you; break off your sins by being righteous, and your iniquities by showing mercy to the poor. Perhaps there may be a lengthening of your prosperity.
Acts 24:24-25
And after some days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla, who was Jewish, he sent for Paul and heard him concerning the faith in Christ. Now as he reasoned about righteousness, self-control, and the judgment to come, Felix was afraid and answered, “Go away for now; when I have a convenient time I will call for you.”Leaders reject correction by messengers from God.
Dan. 4:28+
All this came upon King Nebuchadnezzar.
Rev. 14:8+44
And another angel followed, saying, “Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.”Babylon is judged because of her sin.
Dan. 4:29+
At the end of the twelve months he was walking about the royal palace of Babylon.
Rev. 2:20-21+
Nevertheless I have a few things against you, because you allow that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols. And I gave her time to repent of her sexual immorality, and she did not repent.God allows time for repentance before bringing judgment.
Dan. 4:30+
The king spoke, saying, “Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for a royal dwelling by my mighty power and for the honor of my majesty?”
Luke 12:19
And I will say to my soul, “Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years; take your ease; eat, drink, and be merry.”Powerful men trusting in their own achievements without acknowledging God as provider.
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Luke 14:11
For whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.Pride goes before destruction, And a haughty spirit before a fall (Pr. 16:18).
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Rev. 13:5-6+
And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months. Then he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme His name, His tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven.The first and last rulers during the Times of the Gentiles are known for making prideful (great) statements.
Dan. 4:31+
While the word was still in the king’s mouth, a voice fell from heaven: “King Nebuchadnezzar, to you it is spoken: the kingdom has departed from you!”
Acts 9:3-4
As he journeyed he came near Damascus, and suddenly a light shone around him from heaven. Then he fell to the ground, and heard a voice saying to him, “Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me?”The voice of God falls from heaven in judgment.
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Rev. 18:8-19+
Therefore her plagues will come in one day—death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her. . . . The kings of the earth who committed fornication and lived luxuriously with her will weep and lament for her, when they see the smoke of her burning, standing at a distance for fear of her torment, saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city Babylon, that mighty city! For in one hour your judgment has come.’ . . . The merchants of these things, who became rich by her, will stand at a distance for fear of her torment, weeping and wailing, and saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city . . . For in one hour such great riches came to nothing.’ Every shipmaster . . . cried out when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, ‘What is like this great city?’ “They threw dust on their heads and cried out, weeping and wailing, and saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city, in which all who had ships on the sea became rich by her wealth! For in one hour she is made desolate.’Divine judgment falls suddenly and unexpectedly at the apex of Babylon’s power and influence.
Dan. 4:32+
And they shall drive you from men, and your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. They shall make you eat grass like oxen; and seven times shall pass over you, until you know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and gives it to whomever He chooses.”
-
-(See previous entries for Dan. 4:16 and 4:17.)
Dan. 4:34+
And at the end of the time I, Nebuchadnezzar, lifted my eyes to heaven, and my understanding returned to me; and I blessed the Most High and praised and honored Him who lives forever: For His dominion is an everlasting dominion, And His kingdom is from generation to generation.
Luke 15:16-17
And he would gladly have filled his stomach with the pods that the swine ate, and no one gave him anything. “But when he came to himself, he said, ‘How many of my father’s hired servants have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger!”After a period of disobedience and chastisement, right thinking is regained.45 (Also see previous entry for Dan. 4:3.)
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2Ti. 1:7
For God has not given us a spirit of fear, but of power and of love and of a sound mind.Sanity is a gift from God.
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Heb. 13:15
Therefore by Him let us continually offer the sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of our lips, giving thanks to His name.Praise is offered to the eternal God.
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1Ti. 1:17
Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, to God who alone is wise, be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen.
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1Ti. 6:16
who alone has immortality, dwelling in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see, to whom be honor and everlasting power. Amen.
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Rev. 4:9-11+
Whenever the living creatures give glory and honor and thanks to Him who sits on the throne, who lives forever and ever, the twenty-four elders fall down before Him who sits on the throne and worship Him who lives forever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying: “You are worthy, O Lord, To receive glory and honor and power; For You created all things, And by Your will they exist and were created.”
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Dan. 4:35+
All the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing; He does according to His will in the army of heaven And among the inhabitants of the earth. No one can restrain His hand Or say to Him, “What have You done?”
Rom. 9:19-20
You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?” But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed say to him who formed it, “Why have you made me like this?”God is not subject to His creatures or their counsel.
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1Cor. 2:16
For “who has known the mind of the LORD that he may instruct Him?” But we have the mind of Christ.
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Mat. 26:53
Or do you think that I cannot now pray to My Father, and He will provide Me with more than twelve legions of angels?The armies in heaven do God’s will.
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Rev. 19:14+
And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses.
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Dan. 4:36+
At the same time my reason returned to me, and for the glory of my kingdom, my honor and splendor returned to me. My counselors and nobles resorted to me, I was restored to my kingdom, and excellent majesty was added to me.
Mat. 6:33
But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you.Material needs are met when Godly priorities are maintained. (See also previous entry for Dan. 4:15.)
Dan. 4:37+
Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise and extol and honor the King of heaven, all of whose works are truth, and His ways justice. And those who walk in pride He is able to put down.
Jas. 4:6
But He gives more grace. Therefore He says: “God resists the proud, But gives grace to the humble.”God resists the proud. (See previous entry for Dan. 4:17, see commentary on Daniel 4:37.)
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1Pe. 5:5-6
Likewise you younger people, submit yourselves to your elders. Yes, all of you be submissive to one another, and be clothed with humility, for “God resists the proud, But gives grace to the humble.” Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that He may exalt you in due time
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Dan. 5+ - Dan. 12+
(NOT YET AVAILABLE)
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Notes

1Image adapted from a public domain image in the Open Clip Art Library and hereby placed in the public domain.

2For related passages from elsewhere in the OT, see [Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992)].

3Eberhard Nestle, Erwin Nestle, and Kurt Aland et al., Novum Testamentum Graece, 27. Aufl. (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 1993), 797.

4Anthony C. Garland, A Testimony of Jesus Christ : A Commentary on the Book of Revelation, Vol. 1 (Rev. 1-14) (Camano Island, WA: SpiritAndTruth.org, 2004), 2.7.5.3.4.

5For additional uses of ten in the OT which may have this connotation, see Gen. 31:7, Gen. 31:41; Num. 14:22; Ne. 4:12; Job 19:3. “The number ten is sometimes used in the OT as an ideal number of completeness. Cf. Dan. 1:20+; Zec. 8:23; Rev 2:10+.”—New English Translation : NET Bible, 1st ed. (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998, 2006), Dan. 1:14.

6Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece, 797.

7Ibid.

8Concerning God’s opposition to occult practices: Ex. 22:18; Lev. 19:26, 31; 20:6, 27; Deu. 18:10; 1S. 15:23; 28:3, 9; 2K. 17:17; 21:6; 23:24; 1Chr. 10:13; 2Chr. 33:6; Isa. 8:19; 19:3; 44:25; Eze. 12:24; 13:7, 9; 13:18-23; Zec. 10:2; Mal. 3:2-5; Acts 16:16; Gal. 5:20; Rev. 18:23+; 21:8+; 22:15+.

9Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece, 797.

10Ibid.

11Ibid.

12Ibid.

13Ibid.

14Ibid.

15Ibid.

16Ibid.

17Ibid.

18Ibid.

19Ibid.

20Ibid.

21Ibid.

22Ibid.

23Ibid.

24Ibid.

25Ibid.

26Ibid.

27Ibid.

28Ibid.

29Old Testament passages where God warns Gentiles by means of a dream: Gen. 20:3; 31:24; Dan. 2:28+; 4:5+.

30Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece, 797.

31The proximity of the mustard seed parable to the parable of the sower (Mat. 13:3-8) and the parable of the leaven (Mat. 13:33) has caused some interpreters to understand the symbolism in Matthew as an indication that sinful agents will infiltrate the growing kingdom of heaven. In the parable of the sower the birds are said to represent “the wicked one” who snatches away an understanding of the gospel (Mat. 13:19). Leaven typically has negative connotations within Scripture (Ex. 12:15; Ex. 12:19; Ex. 13:7; Ex. 23:18; Ex. 34:25; Amos 4:5; Mat. 13:33; Mat. 16:6-12; Mark 8:15; Luke 12:1; Luke 13:20; 1Cor. 5:6-8; Gal. 5:9).

32Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece, 797.

33Ibid.

34In the Daniel passage, the sending of the angel was only beheld in a vision.

35NT references to the beastly man called Antichrist include John 5:43; 2Th. 2:3-9; 1Jn. 2:18; Rev. 11:7+; Rev. 13:2-4+, 11-18+; 14:9+, 11+; 15:2+; 16:2+, 10+, 13+; 17:3+, 7-17+; 19:19-20+; 20:4+, 10+.

36The flight of the Judeans prophesied by Jesus appears to coincide with the flight of the woman in Revelation 12:13-14+, where she is protected for a period lasting 3.5 years.

37Regarding the duration of “seven times,” see Daniel 4:16.

38The flight of the Judeans prophesied by Jesus appears to coincide with the flight of the woman in Revelation 12:13-14+, where she is protected for a period lasting 3.5 years.

39Half of the Tribulation, a period spanning 84 months (seven years).

40Half of the Tribulation, a period spanning 2520 days (seven 360-day years).

41Half of the Tribulation, a period spanning seven “times” (years).

42Half of the Tribulation, a period spanning 84 months (seven years). Although the beast only wields absolute power during the last half of the Tribulation (the Great Tribulation, Mat. 24:15-21; Rev. 7:14+ cf. Rev. 2:22+), his earlier signing of a covenant with Israel marks the beginning of the final seven year period (Dan. 9:27+ cf. Rev. 6:2+).

43See also Gen. 11:4 and Jer. 51:9.

44Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece, 797.

45Reminiscent of Nebuchadnezzar, the prodigal son had been living practically like a beast.


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